GRAMMAR

-able, -ible	reasonable	acceptable	incredibly	terrible
-al, -ial	critical	ideal	social	official
-ed	bored	depressed	worried	excited
-ful	careful	beautiful	hopeful	graceful
-ic	archaic	frantic	gigantic	horrific
-ical	hysterical	political	historical	musical
-ish	foolish	childish	selfish	stylish
-ive, -ative	talkative	active	attractive	effective
-less	hopeless	careless	priceless	endless
-eous, -ious, -ous	spontaneous	ambitious	famous	victorious
-y	angry	busy	brainy	lively

Adverbs

ADVERBS: Frequency

ADVERBS: Manner – Frequency – Time – Place

Articles

A-An

Conditionals

See explanation

Conditionals describe situations that are possible, unlikely or impossible.

Conditionals basic

Conditionals

Demostratives

This – That – These – Those

Determiners

See explanation

Determiners make the reference of nouns more specific. There are eight classes of Determiners: Indefinite Article: a – an Definite Article: the Demostratives: this, that, these, those Possessives: my, your, his, her, its, our, their (see pronouns) Quantifiers: some, any, enough, no, all, both, half, double, several, much, many, more, most, few, fewer, fewest, a few, little (not much), less, least, a little. Quantifiers* The numbers: Ordinal & Cardinal numbers Distributives: Each, every, either, neither Exclamatives: What, such

Indefinite Articles A-An

Genitive: Idoia’s car

Modals

See explanation

Modal verbs express mode or mood through ability, obligation, advice, deduction, certainty, probability, speculation… and are different from other verbs…

They are followed by an infinitive without to: I can jump
The verb on the third-person singular doesn’t take an s: She must go
They don’t need an auxiliary verb: She might not go. Could she drive?

Some of the most common are: can, must, might, may, could, should, ought to, would, will, shall…

Modal functions

Modal functions basic

Passives

See explanation

VOICE

The “voice” of a verb indicates whether the subject of the sentence is doing or receiving the action.

ACTIVE VOICE

If a verb is in the active voice, the person, animal, or thing who or which performs the action is the subject of the verb.

The subject of an active clause says who or what does what the verb expresses.

Active voice: The monkey ate the banana (doing)

PASSIVE VOICE

In the passive voice, the person, animal, or thing who or which is affected by the action is the subject of the verb.

The subject of a passive clause does not perform the action expressed by the verb but is affected by it.

Passive voice: The banana was eaten by the monkey (receiving)

STEP BY STEP GRAMMAR STRUCTURE

TO BE + V3

To change an active sentence into a passive sentence we use the verb TO BE as an auxiliary:

The monkey ate the banana → The banana WAS eaten by the monkey

The TENSE of the verb in the active sentence is ‘given’ to the auxiliary verb:

ATE (Past Simple) → WAS (Past Simple)

The main verb appears after the auxiliary, always in the Past Participle:

The banana was EATEN by the monkey

THE AGENT

If the subject of the active sentence is relevant, it should be reflected in the passive sentence after the preposition BY and it is called the agent. A pronoun is never relevant.

The banana was eaten BY the monkey

Active: They drove the car → Passive: The car was driven by THEM

Passives basic

Prepositions

Time prepositions

Prepositions (Time): At, In, On

Prepositions. In – On – Under – Between – Behind – In front of

Place prepositions primary school*

Place prepositions basic*

Prepositions (Place): Under, On, In

Pronouns

All pronouns chart*